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Gene Sharp
Gene Sharp (born January 21, 1928) is the founder of the Albert Einstein Institution, a non-profit organization dedicated to advancing the study of nonviolent action, and is a retired professor of political science at the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth. He is known for his extensive writings on nonviolent struggle, which have influenced numerous anti-government resistance movements around the world. Gene Sharp has been nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 2015〔https://www.mdg.no/nyheter/gene-sharp-nominert-til-fredsprisen/〕 and has previously been nominated three times in 2009, 2012 and 2013.〔https://docs.google.com/document/d/1OHhoeS7EdwW5Jvw-HQLdaxVxPjYszMMqJv6qxDkv5FE/edit?pli=1〕〔(Gene Sharp: Author of the nonviolent revolution rulebook ) By Ruaridh Arrow, BBC News February 21, 2011〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Nobel Peace Prize 2012: PRIO Director's Speculations )〕〔Oslo Newsroom (February 27, 2012). ("Former President Bill Clinton among Nobel Prize nominees" ). Reuters. The story states: "Kristian Berg Harpviken, director of the Peace Research Institute of Oslo and one of the individuals eligible to nominate candidates, has released a short list of those names he had submitted. It is headed by Gene Sharp, a U.S. writer and philosopher who has long advocated non-violent action for social justice" (accessed March 5, 2012).〕 Sharp was widely considered the favourite for the 2012 award.〔http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/10/10/handicapping_the_nobels〕 In 2011 he was awarded the El-Hibri Peace Education Prize. In 2012 he was a recipient of the Right Livelihood Award as well as the Distinguished Lifetime Democracy Award.〔 The article states that Sharp will receive the award at a symposium that "will take place on November 15 and 16 at the Alumni Center, University of Miami, Florida."〕
==Biography==
Sharp was born in North Baltimore, Ohio,〔 the son of an itinerant Protestant minister.〔Philip Shishkin (September 13, 2008), ("American Revolutionary: Quiet Boston Scholar Inspires Rebels Around the World" ). ''Wall Street Journal'', p. A1.〕 He received a Bachelor of Arts in Social Sciences in 1949 from Ohio State University, where he also received his Master of Arts in Sociology in 1951.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=GENE SHARP A Biographical Profile )〕 In 1953–54, Sharp was jailed for nine months after protesting the conscription of soldiers for the Korean War.〔 He discussed his decision to go to prison for his beliefs in letters to Albert Einstein who wrote a foreword to his first book, on Gandhi.〔http://www.rightlivelihood.org/sharp.html〕 He worked as factory labourer, guide to a blind social worker, and secretary to A. J. Muste, America's leading pacifist. Between 1955 and 1958 he was Assistant Editor of ''Peace News'' (London) the weekly pacifist newspaper from where he helped organise the 1958 Aldermaston March. The next two years he studied and researched in Oslo with Professor Arne Næss, who derived together with Johan Galtung from Mohandas Gandhi's writings the ''Satyagraha Norms''.〔Sharp, Gene, Gandhi Wields the Weapon of Moral Power, Ahmedabad 1960, p. X, XI〕 In 1968, he received a Doctor of Philosophy in political theory from Oxford University.〔
Sharp has been a professor of political science at the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth since 1972. He simultaneously held research appointments at Harvard University's Center for International Affairs since 1965.〔 In 1983 he founded the Albert Einstein Institution, a non-profit organization devoted to studies and promotion of the use of nonviolent action in conflicts worldwide.〔(Gene Sharp biography at Albert Einstein Institution web site. )〕 The Albert Einstein Institution has received funding from the Ford Foundation, the International Republican Institute, the National Endowment for Democracy, while some former directors have come from the RAND Corporation and the Ford Foundation.〔(Daily Censored web site. )〕 In 2004, the Albert Einstein Institution lost much of its funding (with income dropping from more than $1m a year to as little as $160,000), and since that time has been run out of Sharp's home in East Boston, near Logan Airport.
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